In recent years, there has been a considerable shift in environmental management from management informed by reductionist ideas to a post-normal science which is associated with the erosion of boundaries between local and scientific knowledge and the coupling of social and ecological systems. However, little attention has been paid to the way in which different philosophical perspectives and epistemological beliefs influence the integration of local and scientific knowledge for environmental management. Often knowledge integration studies are undertaken with little consideration of what forms of knowing are being used and privileged and how the methods adopted constrain or support the engagement of multiple interest groups. This presentation will evaluate the processes and mechanisms of knowledge integration by drawing upon case studies from Australia, the Solomon Islands and the United Kingdom. Challenges and opportunities associated with the integration of local and scientific knowledge will be discussed in reference to the case studies. Results indicate that there are multiple methods for knowledge integration, each driven by different epistemological beliefs and each resulting in different environmental management outcomes. Epistemological pluralism is therefore essential for the integration of local and scientific knowledge. The presentation concludes by discussing 10 future directions for knowledge integration science in Australia and elsewhere.